Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment of Bed Sores

Bed sores, also called pressure sores, pressure ulcers or Decubitus ulcers, are areas of damaged skin and tissue that result when continued pressure cuts off circulation to certain areas, causing the tissue to die. The most vulnerable areas are the buttocks, hips and heels. Anyone who is bedridden, uses a wheelchair, or who cannot change positions without assistance is at risk for developing bedsores.

Bed sores can develop quickly, progress rapidly, and heal with difficulty. They can be prevented with proper care for the disabled. The prevention of bed sores is paramount. Frequent position changes are imperative in prevention of bed sores. Bedsores also develop quickly when skin is moist and becomes irritated. Loss of bladder or bowel control can increase the risk for developing bedsores. Poor nutrition and dehydration leads to less healthy skin which in turn also increases risk of bedsores.

Bedsores are classified in four stages, depending on their severity. In Stage One, a pressure sore emerges as an area of skin that is persistently red and may itch or hurt. The area may feel warm and spongy to the touch. These wounds are usually superficial and dissipate after the pressure is relieved through position change. Stage Two wounds appear as a blister or an abrasion with the surrounding tissue showing purple or red discoloration. At this stage, some skin loss has already occurred. Prompt and aggressive treatment will usually result in fairly quick healing. Once a bedsore reaches Stage Three, damage extends to the tissue below the skin and the wound appears as a deep crater-like hole in the skin. Stage Four wounds bring significant and large scale loss of skin and even damage to the muscles, bones, and ligaments below it. These wounds are extremely difficult to treat and put the person at risk for infection. In many cases, amputation is the only remaining treatment option. These sores produce a toxin that can infect the blood and cause pain, injury and death in a process called sepsis.

There are many things caregivers can, and should do to prevent the development of bedsores. Periodic assessment of a person’s risk for developing bedsores should be undertaken. Patients with incontinence should be assessed and treated so that moisture on the skin does not contribute to the development of bedsores. Re-position patients frequently to ensure that pressure is not constantly maintained on the parts of the body, allowing the blood to flow unrestricted throughout the entire body. Appropriate supportive devices can be used to relieve pressure around troublesome areas. Lifting techniques and devices should be utilized to ensure that friction injuries which can lead to bed sores are avoided. Caregivers must remember that each patient is an individual. Certain chronic health conditions such as diabetes may make an individual more susceptible to bed sores. Each case should be evaluated on a individual basis.

Bed sores, while common in patients who are disabled or bedridden, can be prevented. With proper care and planning, they can be avoided or adequately treated in the early stages. If you believe that someone you know has developed unnecessary bed sores as a result of a caregiver’s negligence or neglect, you may wish to contact our office for further information. We have been handling nursing home negligence cases in Atlanta for over 30 years.